Animal cell
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells, or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus. Unlike prokaryotic cells, DNA in animal cells is housed within the nucleus. In addition to having a nucleus, animal cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles, or tiny cellular structures, that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for animal cells. The organelles that are usually found in animals cells are: Cell membrane, Cell (Plasma) Membrane, Centrioles, Cilia and flagella, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex, Lysosomes, Microtubules, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Peroxisomes, and Ribosomes. An animal cell is generally smaller than a plant cell. As opposed to a plant cell, an animal cell varies in size is irregular in shape. An animal cell does not have a large vacuole or cell wall, but it has organelles such as centrioles, lysosomes, cilia and flagella. Trillions of animal cells make up an organism. e main difference between an animal cell and a plant cell is that animal cells are not able to make their own food. An animal cell is generally smaller than a plant cell. As opposed to a plant cell, an animal cell varies in size is irregular in shape.
cytoskeleton
network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that gives the cell support and helps to maintain its shape.
vacuole
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these. The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the needs of the cell.
plasma membrane
a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
cillia
A cilia is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are thick protuberances that project from the much larger cell body. There are two types of cilia: motile cilia and nonmotile, or primary cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles. In eukaryotes, motile cilia and flagella together make up a group of organelles known as undulipodia. Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length.
flagella
A flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The word flagellum in Latin means whip. The primary role of the flagellum is locomotion, but it also often has function as a sensory organelle, being sensitive to chemicals and temperatures outside the cell. Flagella are organelles defined by function rather than structure. Large differences occur between different types of flagella; the prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ greatly in protein composition, structure, and mechanism of propulsion.
centrioles
a centriole is a cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of a protein called tubulin that is found in most eukaryotic cells. An associated pair of centrioles, surrounded by a shapeless mass of dense material, called the pericentriolar material, or PCM, makes up a compound structure called a centrosome. Centrioles are present in the cells of most eukaryotes, for example those of animals. However, they are absent from conifers (pinophyta), flowering plants (angiosperms) and most fungi.
nucleus
nucleus - membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information.
Nucleolus - structure within the nucleus that helps in the synthesis of ribosomes.
Nucleopore - tiny hole within the nuclear membrane that allows nucleic acids and proteins to move into and out of the nucleus.
Nucleolus - structure within the nucleus that helps in the synthesis of ribosomes.
Nucleopore - tiny hole within the nuclear membrane that allows nucleic acids and proteins to move into and out of the nucleus.
mitochondria
The mitochondria is a double membrane-bound organelle found in all eukaryotic organisms, although some cells in some organisms may lack them (e.g. red blood cells). A number of organisms have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures.
ribosomes
The ribosome is a simple molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins.
cytoplasm
the cytoplasm is the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It comprises cytosol (the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane) and the organelles – the cell's internal sub-structures. All of the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms (such as bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryote organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm.
lysosome
A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells. They are spherical vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down virtually all kinds of biomolecules. Simply stated, a lysosome is a type of vesicle with specific composition, of both its membrane proteins, and proteins of its lumen. The lumen's pH (4.5 - 5.0) is optimal for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis, analogous to the activity of the stomach. Besides degradation of polymers, the lysosome is involved in various cell processes, including secretion, plasma membrane repair, cell signalling, and energy metabolism.
golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. The Golgi apparatus resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.
rough/smooth ER
ROUGH ER (RER) IS INVOLVED IN SOME PROTEIN PRODUCTION, PROTEIN FOLDING, QUALITY CONTROL AND DESPATCH. IT IS CALLED ‘ROUGH’ BECAUSE IT IS STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES
SMOOTH E R (SER) IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION AND METABOLISM OF FATS AND STEROID HORMONES. IT IS ‘SMOOTH’ BECAUSE IT IS NOT STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH SMOOTH SLIPPERY FATS.
SMOOTH E R (SER) IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION AND METABOLISM OF FATS AND STEROID HORMONES. IT IS ‘SMOOTH’ BECAUSE IT IS NOT STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH SMOOTH SLIPPERY FATS.
The simplified formula for aerobic cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP). The word equation for this is: Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP). Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.[1] The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process, as weak so-called "high-energy" bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, most of which are redox reactions themselves. Although technically, cellular respiration is a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions. Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the most common oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) is molecular oxygen (O2). The chemical energy stored in ATP (its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form, thereby transferring energy for use by the cell) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes. Aerobic cellular respiration has four stages. Each is important, and could not happen without the one before it. The steps of cellular respiration are: Glycolysis (the break down of glucose), Link reaction, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain, or ETC.